Table of Contents
- C Programming Tutorial
- Preface
- Introduction
- High Levels and Low Levels
- Basic ideas about C
- The Compiler
- Errors
- Use of Upper and Lower Case
- Declarations
- Questions
- Reserved words and an example
- The printf() function
- Example Listing
- Output
- Questions
- Operating systems and environments
- Files and Devices
- Filenames
- Command Languages and Consoles
- Questions
- Libraries
- Questions
- Programming style
- The form of a C program
- Questions
- Comments
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Question
- Functions
- Structure diagram
- Program Listing
- Functions with values
- Breaking out early
- The exit() function
- Functions and Types
- Questions
- Variables, Types and Declarations
- Declarations
- Where to declare things
- Declarations and Initialization
- Individual Types
- char
- Listing
- Integers
- Whole numbers
- Floating Point
- Choosing Variables
- Assigning variables to one another
- Types and The Cast Operator
- Storage class static and extern
- Functions, Types and Declarations
- Questions
- Parameters and Functions
- Declaring Parameters
- Value Parameters
- Functions as actual parameters
- Example Listing
- Example Listing
- Variable Parameters
- Example Listing
- Questions
- Scope : Local And Global
- Global Variables
- Local Variables
- Communication : parameters
- Example Listing
- Style Note
- Scope and Style
- Questions
- Preprocessor Commands
- Macro Functions
- When and when not to use macros with parameters
- Example Listing
- Note about #include
- Other Preprocessor commands
- Example
- Questions
- Pointers
- & and *
- Uses for Pointers
- Pointers and Initialization
- Example Listing
- Types, Casts and Pointers
- Pointers to functions
- Calling a function by pointer
- Questions
- Standard Output and Standard Input
- printf
- Example Listing
- Output
- Formatting with printf
- Example Listing
- Output
- Special Control Characters
- Questions
- scanf
- Conversion characters
- How does scanf see the input?
- First account of scanf
- The dangerous function
- Keeping scanf under control
- Examples
- Matching without assigning
- Formal Definition of scanf
- Summary of points about scanf
- Questions
- Low Level Input/Output
- getchar and putchar
- gets and puts
- Questions
- Assignments, Expressions and Operators
- Expressions and values
- Example
- Output
- Parentheses and Priority
- Unary Operator Precedence
- Special Assignment Operators ++ and --
- More Special Assignments
- Example Listing
- Output
- The Cast Operator
- Expressions and Types
- Comparisons and Logic
- Summary of Operators and Precedence
- Questions
- Decisions
- if
- Example Listings
- if ... else
- Nested ifs and logic
- Example Listing
- Stringing together if..else
- switch: integers and characters
- Example Listing
- Things to try
- Loops
- while
- Example Listing
- Example Listing
- do..while
- Example Listing
- for
- Example Listing
- The flexible for loop
- Quitting Loops and Hurrying Them Up!
- Nested Loops
- Questions
- Arrays
- Why use arrays?
- Limits and The Dimension of an array
- Arrays and for loops
- Example Listing
- Arrays Of More Than One Dimension
- Arrays and Nested Loops
- Example Listing
- Output of Game of Life
- Initializing Arrays
- Arrays and Pointers
- Arrays as Parameters
- Questions
- Strings
- Conventions and Declarations
- Strings, Arrays and Pointers
- Arrays of Strings
- Example Listing
- Strings from the user
- Handling strings
- Example Listing
- String Input/Output
- gets()
- puts()
- sprintf()
- sscanf()
- Example Listing
- Questions
- Putting together a program
- The argument vector
- Processing options
- Environment variables
- Special Library Functions and Macros
- Character Identification
- Examples
- Program Output
- String Manipulation
- Examples
- Mathematical Functions
- Examples
- Maths Errors
- Example
- Questions
- Hidden operators and values
- Extended and Hidden =
- Example
- Hidden ++ and --
- Arrays, Strings and Hidden Operators
- Example
- Cautions about Style
- Example
- Questions
- More on data types
- Special Constant Expressions
- FILE
- enum
- Example
- Example
- Suggested uses for enum
- void
- volatile
- const
- struct
- union
- typedef
- Questions
- Machine Level Operations
- Bit Patterns
- Flags, Registers and Messages
- Bit Operators and Assignments
- The Meaning of Bit Operators
- Shift Operations
- Truth Tables and Masking
- Complement ~
- AND &
- OR |
- XOR/EOR ^
- Example
- Output
- Example
- Example
- Questions
- Files and Devices
- Files Generally
- File Positions
- High Level File Handling Functions
- Opening files
- Closing a file
- fprintf()
- fscanf()
- skipfilegarb() ?
- Single Character I/O
- getc() and fgetc()
- ungetc()
- putc() and fputc()
- fgets() and fputs()
- feof()
- Printer Output
- Example
- Output
- Converting the example
- Filing Errors
- Other Facilities for High Level Files
- fread() and fwrite()
- File Positions: ftell() and fseek()
- rewind()
- fflush()
- Low Level Filing Operations
- File descriptors
- open()
- close()
- creat()
- read()
- write()
- lseek()
- unlink() and remove()
- Example
- Questions
- Structures and Unions
- Organization: Black Box Data
- struct
- Declarations
- Scope
- Using Structures
- Arrays of Structures
- Example
- Structures of Structures
- Pointers to Structures
- Example
- Pre-initializing Static Structures
- Creating Memory for Dynamical struct Types
- Unions
- Declaration
- Using unions
- Questions
- Data Structures
- Data Structure Diagrams
- The Tools: Structures, Pointers and Dynamic Memory
- Programme For Building Data Structures
- Setting Up A Data Structure
- Example Structures
- Questions
- Recursion
- Functions and The Stack
- Levels and Wells
- Tame Recursion and Self-Similarity
- Simple Example without a Data Structure
- Simple Example With a Data Structure
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Recursion
- Recursion and Global Variables
- Questions
- Example Programs
- Statistical Data Handler
- The Editor
- Insert/Overwrite
- Quitting Sections
- The Program Listing
- Listing
- Variable Cross Referencer
- Listing Cref.c
- Output of Cross Referencer
- Comments
- Errors and debugging
- Compiler Trappable Errors
- Missing semicolon;
- Missing closing brace }
- Mistyping Upper/Lower Case
- Missing quote "
- Variable not declared or scope wrong
- Using a function or assignment inside a macro
- Forgetting to declare a function which is not type int
- Type mismatch in expressions
- Errors not trappable by a compiler (run time errors)
- Confusion of = and ==
- Missing & in scanf
- Confusing C++ and ++C
- Unwarranted assumptions about storage
- The number of actual and formal parameters does not match
- The conversion string in scanf/printf is wrong
- Accidental confusion of int, short and char
- Arrays out of bounds
- Mathematical Error
- Uncoordinated Output using buffered I/O
- Global Variables and Recursion
- Tracing Errors
- Locating a problem
- Pathological Problems
- Porting Programs between computers
- Questions
- Summary of C
- Reserved Words
- Preprocessor Directives
- Header Files and Libraries
- Constants
- Primitive Data Types
- Storage Classes
- Identifiers
- Statements
- Character Utilities
- Special Control Characters
- Input/Output Functions
- printf conversion specifiers
- scanf conversion specifers
- Maths Library
- goto
- All the Reserved Words
- Three Languages: Words and Symbols Compared
- Character Conversion Table
- Emacs style file
- Answers to questions
